Countries › Paraguay › Guide › 12. Sectors › Energy, mining and key sectors in Paraguay: ANDE's monopoly, independent power, renewables, mining royalties, oil and gas and crypto mining

Energy, mining and key sectors in Paraguay: ANDE's monopoly, independent power, renewables, mining royalties, oil and gas and crypto mining

Argentina. For full detail on Argentina, go to The Argentine Thread.

Last verified: 2026-10-28 · Status: Changing

Paraguay's sector rules are built around cheap hydro power: ANDE, the state utility, holds the exclusive right to supply electricity to the public, so private generators sell to ANDE, generate for their own use or export under special laws. Gas fired and small hydro plants need an MOPC licence and pay 1 percent of transactions plus a 0.5 percent water canon under Ley 3009 as rewritten in 2024; solar, wind and other non hydro renewables above 1 MW need a licence of up to 15 years under Ley 6977/2023, and plants below 1 MW only register. Minerals and hydrocarbons belong to the State: mining exploitation concessions and oil and gas concessions are granted by law of Congress, mining pays a royalty of 2 to 8.40 percent of quarterly net income and crude oil 10 to 14 percent of gross output, and since July 2024 stealing power for crypto mining carries up to ten years in prison.

USD figures use PYG 5,847.90 per US dollar, the Banco Central del Paraguay reference quotation for 27 October 2026 (latest published planilla on the verification date). Fees in daily minimum wages use the jornal of PYG 117,077 in force since 1 July 2026 as applied in the DNM fee table. Conversions are for orientation only; mining and oil canons are set in US dollars by law.

Key facts

Public electricity supply	ANDE exclusive (delegable by contract approved by Congress) Ley 966/1964 art. 64 and 66, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
ANDE tariffs set to yield annual net income of	8 to 10 % of fixed investmentLey 966/1964 art. 88, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Hydro plants awarded by international public tender above	50 MWLey 3009/2006 art. 12 as amended by Ley 7299/2024, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
MOPC fee on licensee and hydro contract transactions	1 %Ley 3009/2006 art. 26 as amended by Ley 7299/2024, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Water use canon on hydro licensee transactions	0.5 %Ley 3009/2006 art. 26 as amended by Ley 7299/2024, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Licence application fee	100 daily minimum wagesLey 3009/2006 art. 26 as amended by Ley 7299/2024, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Maximum term before hydro works revert to the State	30 yearsLey 3009/2006 art. 13 as amended by Ley 7299/2024, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Non hydro renewable projects needing an ERNC licence (registration only below)	above 1 MWLey 6977/2023 art. 8 and 10, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Maximum ERNC licence term (renewable)	15 yearsLey 6977/2023 art. 8, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Maximum ANDE purchase contract with ERNC generators	15 yearsLey 6977/2023 art. 24, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Mining royalty, lowest rate on quarterly net income	2 %Ley 3180/2007 art. 65 as amended by Ley 4935/2013, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Mining royalty, top rate on quarterly net income	8.40 %Ley 3180/2007 art. 65 as amended by Ley 4935/2013, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Annual canon, metallic exploitation concession	2.5 USD per hectareLey 3180/2007 art. 45 as amended by Ley 4269/2011, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Exploitation concession term from start of production (plus 10 automatic for non gold)	20 yearsLey 3180/2007 art. 35 as amended by Ley 4935/2013, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Exploitation concessions granted by	Congress, by law, after contract approved by decree Ley 3180/2007 art. 33 and 59 as amended by Ley 4935/2013, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Crude oil royalty, 100 to 5,000 barrels a day	10 %Ley 779/1995 art. 43, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Crude oil royalty, 5,001 to 50,000 barrels a day	12 %Ley 779/1995 art. 43, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Crude oil royalty, above 50,000 barrels a day	14 %Ley 779/1995 art. 43, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Royalty on compressed or liquefied gaseous hydrocarbons	12 %Ley 779/1995 art. 43, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Hydrocarbon exploitation concession term (extendable up to 10)	20 yearsLey 779/1995 art. 31, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Maximum prison for electricity theft at medium voltage or for crypto mining	10 yearsCódigo Penal art. 173 as amended by Ley 7300/2024, as of 2026-10-28 · in force
Electricity link with Argentina	Yacyretá binational entity, energy split in equal shares Ley 433/1973, Yacyretá Treaty art. XIII, as of 2026-10-28 · in force

The rule

1. Public power supply is an ANDE monopoly. The Administración Nacional de Electricidad (ANDE) is an autonomous state entity whose purpose is to meet the country's electricity needs; it plans, builds and runs generation, transmission and distribution, buys and sells power inside and outside Paraguay and regulates the power it handles. ANDE has exclusive rights over public electricity supply and public lighting throughout the country and a preferential right to use the hydraulic resources needed for it. It can delegate those exclusive rights for towns it does not serve, by contract with at least four board votes, subject to approval by Congress. Tariffs are approved by the ANDE board with at least four votes and are set so that annual net income is no less than 8 percent and no more than 10 percent of ANDE's fixed investment base. In practice a private investor does not sell power to end users on the public grid; it sells to ANDE or a concessionaire, generates for its own use, or exports under the special laws below.
Cost to do it: No licence fee in the charter; the cost for a business is ANDE's approved tariff schedule (pliego tarifario) for its supply.
Example: A plant that wants to buy power directly from a private solar farm next door cannot do so through the public grid; the solar farm must sell its output to ANDE or the local concessionaire. / A US$5 million data centre project budgets its power at the ANDE tariff for its voltage level, not at a negotiated bilateral price.Ley Nº 966/1964, crea la ANDE y establece su Carta Orgánica, Art. 2, 5, 64, 66, 84 and 88, 1964-08-12 official text · verified 2026-10-28

2. Independent producers and transmitters (PTIEE). Private generation from natural gas and small hydro of up to 50 MW needs a licence from the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones (MOPC), acting through the Viceministerio de Minas y Energía. Hydro plants above 50 MW are awarded by international public tender, which can start from a private initiative; if the power is for export, ANDE gets a preferential purchase option first. Contracts can be build operate transfer or similar structures, but works must revert to the State within at most 30 years. Licensees and hydro contract holders pay a fee of 1 percent of their transactions to the MOPC, 100 daily minimum wages for each licence application and 500 for each hydro tender application, plus a water use canon of 0.5 percent of transactions shared with municipalities, departments and the water authority. They can use import exemptions and the maquila regime for plant and lines. Licences and hydro contracts are irrevocable obligations of the Republic that later laws cannot change without the producer's consent, the MOPC can sign a legal stability agreement, and disputes go to the civil and commercial courts of Asunción.
Cost to do it: Licence application 100 daily minimum wages, PYG 11,707,700 (about US$2,002); hydro tender application 500 daily minimum wages, PYG 58,538,500 (about US$10,010); then 1 percent of transactions plus a 0.5 percent water canon each year.
Example: A 30 MW small hydro plant with annual sales of PYG 58,479,000,000 pays PYG 584,790,000 in MOPC fees and PYG 292,395,000 in water canon, besides income tax. / On US$10 million of annual sales the plant pays US$100,000 (1 percent) plus US$50,000 (0.5 percent), a combined US$150,000 before tax.Ley Nº 3009/2006, de la Producción y Transporte Independiente de Energía Eléctrica (PTIEE), as amended by Ley Nº 7299/2024, Art. 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32 and 33 (text of Ley 7299/2024 art. 1), 2024-08-02 official text · verified 2026-10-28 · changed: Ley Nº 7299/2024, promulgated on 2 August 2024 and published on 5 August 2024, rewrote articles 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 23 to 26, 28 and 30 to 34 of Ley 3009/2006 (promulgated 28 September 2006): the MOPC became the application authority, hydro above 50 MW moved to international tenders with an ANDE purchase option for export projects, the 0.5 percent water canon and its split were added, and licences and contracts were declared irrevocable.

3. Non conventional renewables (solar, wind, biomass, green hydrogen). Ley 6977/2023 covers electricity from non hydro renewable sources, including self generation, cogeneration, generation for sale and export. The MOPC, through the Viceministerio de Minas y Energía, is the authority. Projects above 1 MW need an ERNC licence of up to 15 years, renewable; self generators and cogenerators up to 1 MW only register. Self generators may sell surplus only to ANDE or the local concessionaire, which must take surplus up to 1 MW injected; injected energy is paid at an ERNC reference tariff as a bill credit, tradeable with third parties, and positive balances older than six months are paid in money. Grid connection works are paid by the generator, and ANDE refunds up to 50 percent of reinforcement works through 20 percent bill discounts over two years. ANDE and concessionaires can sign purchase contracts of up to 15 years with ERNC generators through public tenders capped at a reference price. Exporters need a licence, must file the export contract in Spanish and apostilled within 10 business days of signing or lose the licence, pay a transmission toll in US dollars per km and per MW contracted, and get ANDE transport contracts of up to 15 years; spare capacity requests are due by 1 July each year and are auctioned if oversubscribed.
Cost to do it: Connection and grid reinforcement works are paid by the generator; up to half of reinforcement cost comes back as bill discounts. No licence fee is set in the law itself.
Example: A factory installs 900 kW of rooftop solar: it only registers, injects surplus to ANDE and receives bill credits at the ERNC reference tariff; a PYG 584,790,000 grid reinforcement can be recovered up to PYG 292,395,000 through 20 percent bill discounts over two years. / On US$100,000 of reinforcement works, at most US$50,000 returns as discounts within two years; anything not used by then stays with ANDE.Ley Nº 6977/2023, regula el fomento, generación, producción, desarrollo y utilización de energía eléctrica a partir de fuentes de energías renovables no convencionales no hidráulicas, Art. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 to 13, 15, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30 and 33, 2023-01-26 official text · verified 2026-10-28

4. Renewable equipment incentives. Investors in non hydro renewable generation and in making the equipment get a five year special incentive regime once the MOPC approves the project, provided effective start of works (spending at least 15 percent of the planned investment) happens within one year of approval. The law grants the benefits of the general investment incentive law Ley 60/90 and of Ley 117/91 and Ley 5542/2015, covering imports of panels, cells, stationary batteries, inverters, bidirectional meters and other plant, transformation and interconnection equipment. Ley 60/90 was repealed in full by Ley 7548/2025, which set a new incentive regime from 8 September 2025, so the reference must now be read against Ley 7548 and its rules.
Cost to do it: No fee in the law; the condition is to spend 15 percent of the investment within one year of approval.
Example: For an approved PYG 29,239,500,000 solar plant, at least PYG 4,385,925,000 must be spent within the first year to keep the incentives. / For a US$5 million plant, US$750,000 must be committed in year one.Ley Nº 6977/2023 and Ley Nº 7548/2025, nuevo régimen de incentivos fiscales para la inversión nacional y extranjera, Ley 6977 art. 35, 36 and 37; Ley 7548 art. 34, 2025-09-08 official text · verified 2026-10-28 · changed: Ley 7548/2025, promulgated and published on 8 September 2025, repealed Decreto Ley 27/1990 and Ley 60/90 by its art. 34; Ley 6977 art. 37 still points to Ley 60/90.

5. Mining rights. All minerals in their natural state belong to the State (stone, earth and limestone excepted), and permits and concessions grant only a time limited right to prospect, explore and exploit, never ownership of the mine or land. Nationals and foreigners can hold mining rights; foreign individuals must set up a domicile or appoint a resident representative, and holders must post the guarantee of art. 41(d). A prospecting permit lasts one year with one extension of up to one year, and one person may hold up to 400,000 hectares in prospecting; an exploration permit lasts three years, extendable yearly up to three more. Both are granted by MOPC resolution. Exploitation concessions are authorised by Congress by law after a contract approved by executive decree, and can only be revoked for the nullity and forfeiture causes listed in the law. An exploitation concession lasts 20 years from the start of production and is extended automatically for 10 more years for non gold projects if the holder is compliant. Transfers, options and assignments need a public deed and MOPC approval and registration in the Registro de Minas.
Cost to do it: Investment plan minimums under art. 41 as amended by Ley 4269: US$1 per hectare a year for metallic prospecting and US$1.50 rising to US$4 per hectare a year in exploration; in exploration and exploitation, a guarantee against all risk in favour of the MOPC under art. 41(d), arranged under the public procurement rules, which is executed if the committed investment is not met.
Example: Exploring 20,000 hectares in year one requires an approved investment plan of at least PYG 175,437,000 (US$1.50 per hectare). / The same 20,000 hectares need a US$30,000 first year exploration plan, backed by the art. 41(d) guarantee in favour of the MOPC.Ley Nº 3180/2007 de Minería, as amended by Ley Nº 4269/2011 and Ley Nº 4935/2013, Ley 3180 art. 1, 10; Ley 4269 art. 1 (new art. 8, 11, 13, 14, 30, 31, 32); Ley 4935 art. 1 (new art. 14, 33, 34, 35 and 59), 2013-05-31 official text · verified 2026-10-28 · changed: Ley 4269/2011 (promulgated 14 July 2011) lengthened exploration to three plus three years and set the 400,000 hectare prospecting cap; Ley 4935/2013 (signed 31 May 2013) made Congress authorisation of concessions revocable only on statutory grounds and set the 20 plus 10 year exploitation term.

6. Mining canon and royalty. Canons are paid in advance in one payment within 20 business days after the MOPC accepts the application, and proof must be filed within 48 business hours. Exploitation concession holders of metallic minerals pay an annual canon of US$2.5 per hectare. In exploitation, the concession holder pays the State a royalty of 2 percent to 8.40 percent of its quarterly net mining income, rising by 0.40 points for each 5 percent increase up to the 80 percent threshold, above which the single 8.40 percent rate applies. Net income is sales of metallic and non metallic minerals each calendar quarter less cost of sales and operating, selling and administrative expenses. The royalty is paid quarterly to the Ministry of Finance within 30 days of quarter end, in kind or cash at the State's choice, and is deductible for income tax. During prospecting and exploration, holders are exempt from national, departmental and municipal taxes, and imported machinery and inputs not made in Paraguay are exempt from import duties and IVA. Non payment of canon or royalty is a forfeiture ground.
Cost to do it: Exploitation canon US$2.5 per hectare a year (metallic); royalty 2 to 8.40 percent of quarterly net income.
Example: A 10,000 hectare metallic exploitation concession pays a canon of PYG 146,197,500 a year; on quarterly net income of PYG 5,847,900,000 the royalty falls between PYG 116,958,000 (2 percent) and PYG 491,223,600 (8.40 percent). / The same concession pays US$25,000 a year in canon; on US$1 million of quarterly net income the royalty is between US$20,000 and US$84,000, deductible for income tax.Ley Nº 3180/2007 de Minería, as amended by Ley Nº 4269/2011 and Ley Nº 4935/2013, Ley 3180 art. 48 and 49; Ley 4269 art. 1 (new art. 42, 45 and 62); Ley 4935 art. 1 (new art. 65, 66 and 67), 2013-05-31 official text · verified 2026-10-28

7. Oil and gas. The State can prospect, explore and exploit hydrocarbons directly or through permits and concessions to national or foreign persons, who must set up a domicile and resident legal representative, prove technical and financial solvency and post guarantees; applying implies waiving diplomatic claims, and disputes go to Paraguayan courts or to national or international arbitration if the concession contract provides. Exploration and exploitation concessions are granted by law, after a contract approved by executive decree. Exploration lasts four years plus up to two, with at least one exploratory well in the first four years and one more per year of extension, in lots of 40,000 hectares up to 800,000 hectares. Exploitation lasts 20 years, extendable by the Executive for up to 10. Prospecting and exploration are exempt from all taxes except fees. In exploitation the holder pays an initial canon of US$0.30 per hectare, an annual canon from US$0.20 per hectare (years 1 to 5) to US$2.00 (years 16 to 20), and a royalty on gross crude output of 10 percent from 100 to 5,000 barrels a day, 12 percent from 5,001 to 50,000 and 14 percent above 50,000, 12 percent on gas and 15 percent on solid and semi solid hydrocarbons, paid in US dollars within 10 days or in kind. Concessions can be assigned with Executive approval. Ley 3119/2006 confirmed that art. 41 to 48 and 50 to 55 are fully in force.
Cost to do it: Initial canon US$0.30 per hectare; annual canon US$0.20 to US$2.00 per hectare; royalty 10 to 15 percent of gross production.
Example: A 5,000 hectare exploitation lot pays PYG 8,771,850 initial canon and PYG 5,847,900 a year in years 1 to 5; on gross crude worth PYG 58,479,000,000 produced at 3,000 barrels a day the royalty is PYG 5,847,900,000. / The same lot pays US$1,500 initial canon and US$1,000 a year; on US$10 million of gross crude at 3,000 barrels a day the royalty is US$1 million (10 percent).Ley Nº 779/1995, que modifica la Ley Nº 675/60 de Hidrocarburos, and Ley Nº 3119/2006, Ley 779 art. 3 to 6, 13, 14, 15, 31, 41, 42, 43 and 44; Ley 3119 art. 1 and 2, 1995-11-20 official text · verified 2026-10-28

8. Crypto mining and power theft. Taking electricity improperly is a crime. For low voltage (up to 1,000 volts AC) the penalty is up to three years in prison or a fine; when the electricity is taken from medium voltage or higher, or the purpose is crypto asset mining or a similar activity, the penalty is up to ten years in prison. Irregular connections, bypasses of service lines and meter tampering count as improper. The public prosecutor must seize the equipment used, ANDE can be given custody of seized goods, and fines and the proceeds of confiscated goods go to ANDE.
Cost to do it: No fee; a legal crypto mining operation pays ANDE's tariff for its connection.
Example: A mining farm wired directly to an ANDE medium voltage line without a meter faces up to ten years in prison and loss of its machines to ANDE. / Hardware worth US$500,000 seized in such a case can be sold and the proceeds paid to ANDE.Ley Nº 7300/2024, que protege la integridad del sistema eléctrico y modifica el artículo 173 de la Ley Nº 1160/1997 Código Penal, Art. 2, 3 and 4 (new Código Penal art. 173), 2024-07-19 official text · verified 2026-10-28 · changed: Ley 7300/2024, promulgated and published on 19 July 2024, raised the maximum penalty from three to ten years for medium voltage theft and for crypto mining purposes and added seizure in favour of ANDE.

9. Binational dams with Argentina (high level). Yacyretá on the Paraná river is a binational entity created by Paraguay and Argentina with equal rights and obligations; the works are a condominium owned in equal shares, and the energy produced is split equally, with each country holding a preferential right to buy the energy the other does not use. For the Argentine side of the electricity relationship, see The Argentine Thread guide.
Cost to do it: Not applicable to private investors directly; energy from the dam reaches users through ANDE.
Example: Paraguayan industrial users buy Yacyretá power only indirectly, through ANDE's tariff. / A US$10 million plant cannot contract Yacyretá output directly; it contracts supply with ANDE.Ley Nº 433/1973, aprueba y ratifica el Tratado de Yacyretá entre la República del Paraguay y la República Argentina (signed 3 December 1973), Treaty art. III, IV and XIII, 1973-12-28 official text · verified 2026-10-28

Sector	Who grants	Term	Main state take
Public power supply	ANDE monopoly; delegation by contract approved by Congress	Unlimited (ANDE)	Tariffs targeting 8 to 10 percent return on ANDE investment
Gas fired and small hydro up to 50 MW	MOPC licence	Per licence contract	1 percent of transactions plus 0.5 percent water canon (hydro); application 100 daily wages, PYG 11,707,700, about US$2,002
Hydro above 50 MW	International public tender, MOPC	Reversion within 30 years	Same 1 plus 0.5 percent; tender application 500 daily wages, PYG 58,538,500, about US$10,010
Solar, wind, biomass, green hydrogen above 1 MW	MOPC ERNC licence	Up to 15 years, renewable	Transmission toll for exporters; no royalty in Ley 6977
Metallic mining	MOPC permits; exploitation by law of Congress	Prospecting 1 plus 1, exploration 3 plus 3, exploitation 20 plus 10 (non gold)	Canon US$2.5 per hectare; royalty 2 to 8.40 percent of quarterly net income
Oil and gas	Concession by law of Congress	Exploration 4 plus 2, exploitation 20 plus 10	Canons US$0.30 initial and US$0.20 to US$2.00 per hectare a year; royalty 10 to 14 percent crude, 12 percent gas

Main sector regimes at a glance (amounts as set in law; USD at PYG 5,847.90)

Worked example

Small hydro, 30 MW, US$10 million of annual sales (PYG 58,479,000,000): licence application PYG 11,707,700 (about US$2,002) once; then each year a 1 percent MOPC fee of US$100,000 (PYG 584,790,000) and a 0.5 percent water canon of US$50,000 (PYG 292,395,000), a combined 1.5 percent or US$150,000 before income tax.
Metallic mine, 10,000 hectare exploitation concession: canon US$25,000 a year (PYG 146,197,500). With quarterly net income of US$1 million (PYG 5,847,900,000), the royalty is at least US$20,000 (2 percent) and at most US$84,000 (8.40 percent) per quarter, paid within 30 days of quarter end and deductible for income tax.
Oil field producing 3,000 barrels a day with gross crude worth US$10 million (PYG 58,479,000,000) in a year: royalty 10 percent, US$1 million (PYG 5,847,900,000), paid in US dollars within 10 days of the liquidation, plus annual canon of US$0.20 per hectare in years 1 to 5.

Step by step

Choose the legal route for power: own use or surplus to ANDE (register if up to 1 MW renewable, licence above 1 MW), sale to ANDE through an ANDE tender, small hydro or gas licence under Ley 3009, or export under Ley 6977 or Ley 3009.
Incorporate locally first: Ley 3009 licensees must be domiciled in Paraguay, Ley 779 applicants need a domicile and resident representative, and foreign mining rights holders need a domicile or resident representative.
File with the MOPC Viceministerio de Minas y Energía: licence application (100 daily wages for Ley 3009 licences), ERNC licence or registration, or the mining prospecting permit; for mining the MOPC answers within 60 calendar days and the canon is due within 20 business days of acceptance.
Secure environmental approval in parallel; mining prospecting and exploration permits are granted only on proof of compliance with environmental law (Ley 3180 art. 30 to 32 as amended by Ley 4269).
For mining exploitation or hydrocarbon concessions, negotiate the contract with the Executive, which approves it by decree and sends it to Congress; budget months for a law to pass.
For exports of renewable power, file the transport capacity request through the MOPC before 1 July, sign the ANDE transport contract after the licence and file the apostilled Spanish export contract within 10 business days of signing.
Diarise recurring payments: mining royalty within 30 days of each quarter end, Ley 3009 fees on the annual balance sworn statement, hydrocarbon royalty within 10 days of each liquidation.

Common traps

No direct retail sales: ANDE's exclusivity under Ley 966 art. 64 means a private generator cannot supply third party customers over the public grid; ERNC self generators and cogenerators can sell only to ANDE or the local concessionaire.
Above 1 MW of injected power, ANDE is not obliged to take ERNC surplus; the excess over 1 MW is taken only if ANDE needs it (Ley 6977 art. 12 and 18).
Ley 6977 art. 37 grants incentives by reference to Ley 60/90, which Ley 7548/2025 art. 34 repealed; confirm with the MOPC and the Ministry of Industry which regime applies before modelling exemptions.
Ley 3009 disputes go to the courts of Asunción (art. 33), not to arbitration, unless a separate stability agreement under art. 31 says otherwise.
Mining exploitation needs a law of Congress: an MOPC exploration permit does not guarantee the concession, and art. 33 makes the congressional authorisation revocable only on statutory grounds once given.
Late or missing canon payments are a forfeiture ground for mining rights, and the 60 day cure period of art. 63 does not cover canon payments under art. 42.
Do not model the 30 percent income tax rate in Ley 779 art. 49: Ley 3119/2006 art. 2 sends that article to the general income tax rule of Ley 2421/2004 art. 20, so check the current income tax treatment with a tax adviser.
Crypto mining is lawful only with a regular ANDE connection; any irregular connection or meter tampering for crypto mining is punishable by up to ten years in prison regardless of voltage level, and equipment is seized.

Sources

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