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Changelog: Brazil guide

This is a living guide. Every page is reverified against its official source and dated.

Date	Page	Change
2026-10-25	Withholding tax on remittances abroad from Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Transfer pricing in Brazil: the 2024 arm's length regime	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Thin capitalization rules in Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Brazil's double tax treaties	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Brazil's consumption tax reform: IBS, CBS and IS timeline	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Tax incentives in Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Federal tax audits and disputes in Brazil: DRJ and CARF	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	PIS and COFINS: Brazil's federal turnover contributions	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Payroll taxes in Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Tax loss carryforward in Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	ISS: municipal tax on services in Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Interest on equity (JCP) in Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	ICMS: Brazil's state VAT on goods, transport and communications	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Dividend taxation in Brazil from 2026	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Customs duties and import taxes in Brazil	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Corporate income tax in Brazil: IRPJ and CSLL	Page verified against official sources
2026-10-25	Start here: the legal gateways every foreign investor crosses in Brazil	New page: legal gateways for foreign investors (equal treatment and free FX under Lei 14.286, SCE-IED reporting under Resolução BCB 278, CNPJ and beneficial owner rules under IN RFB 2.119, resident representative rules), verified against official texts.
2026-10-25	Brazil macro at a glance: the rules behind rates, inflation, the budget and the real	New page: Brazil macro core rules (Central Bank autonomy under Lei Complementar nº 179, continuous 3 percent IPCA target under Decreto nº 12.079 and Resolução CMN nº 5.141, fiscal rule under Lei Complementar nº 200, free FX under Lei nº 14.286) with Selic 13.75 percent, IPCA 4.58 percent, GDP and debt facts verified against Banco Central do Brasil and IBGE.
2026-10-25	Brazil macro at a glance: the rules behind rates, inflation, the budget and the real	From 1 January 2025 the calendar year target under Decreto nº 3.088 of 1999 was replaced by a continuous target checked monthly over 12 months; Decreto nº 3.088 was revoked on that date (art. 8).
2026-10-25	Brazil macro at a glance: the rules behind rates, inflation, the budget and the real	Lei Complementar nº 211 of 2024 added art. 5-A, subjecting growth in new or extended social security benefits to the same spending growth rules; Lei Complementar nº 223 of 2025 excluded temporary education and health spending under Lei nº 15.164 of 2025 from the limits from 2025 (art. 3, § 2, X).
2026-10-25	Employing people in Brazil: contracts, real cost of a hire, hours, dismissal and outsourcing	New page: Brazil employment core rules (2026 minimum wage R$1,621 under Decreto 12.797; hours cut to 42 then 40 a week with two paid rest days and no pay cut under Emenda Constitucional 141 of 16 October 2026; overtime, 13th salary, vacation, FGTS 8 percent and 40 percent dismissal fine, employer social security 20 percent plus RAT, 2026 employee brackets to R$8,475.55 under Portaria Interministerial MPS/MF 13; notice under Lei 12.506; mutual termination under CLT art. 484-A; collective bargaining under CLT arts. 611-A and 611-B; outsourcing under Lei 6.019; quotas, equal pay reports and Mercosur postings), verified against official texts.
2026-10-25	Employing people in Brazil: contracts, real cost of a hire, hours, dismissal and outsourcing	Raised from R$1,518.00 in 2025 to R$1,621.00 from 1 January 2026 (published in the DOU of 24 December 2025).
2026-10-25	Employing people in Brazil: contracts, real cost of a hire, hours, dismissal and outsourcing	Promulgated and published in the DOU extra edition of 16 October 2026. The 2 rest day rule (CF art. 7, XV) takes effect two months after publication; the rest of the amendment took effect on publication, with the hours cut phased to 42 hours after two months (mid December 2026) and 40 hours one year later (mid December 2027).
2026-10-25	Foreign investment in Brazil: an open regime, a short list of restricted sectors and regional tax incentives	New page: Brazil foreign investment regime (equal treatment under Lei 14.286 art. 9; sector limits for media under CF art. 222, mining under CF art. 176, rural land under Lei 5.709, border zone under Lei 6.634, health care under Lei 8.080 art. 23, financial institutions under Decreto 10.029, airlines under Lei 13.842; SUDENE and SUDAM 75 percent income tax reduction with project deadline 31 December 2028 under Lei 14.753), verified against official texts.
2026-10-25	Foreign investment in Brazil: an open regime, a short list of restricted sectors and regional tax incentives	Lei nº 13.986 of 7 April 2020 added art. 1 § 2: the restrictions do not apply to inheritance, to the grant of security interests including fiduciary transfer to a national or foreign company, or to receipt of the land when enforcing such security or taking it in payment.
2026-10-25	Foreign investment in Brazil: an open regime, a short list of restricted sectors and regional tax incentives	Lei nº 13.986 of 7 April 2020 rewrote art. 2 § 4: granting security over rural land, including fiduciary transfer, to national or foreign companies, and receiving the land when enforcing it, no longer need prior consent.
2026-10-25	Foreign investment in Brazil: an open regime, a short list of restricted sectors and regional tax incentives	Lei nº 13.097 of 19 January 2015 rewrote art. 23 to permit foreign participation, including control, in hospitals and clinics.
2026-10-25	Foreign investment in Brazil: an open regime, a short list of restricted sectors and regional tax incentives	Decreto nº 10.029 of 26 September 2019 moved recognition of the Government's interest from presidential decree case by case to the Central Bank, as part of its ordinary authorization process.
2026-10-25	Foreign investment in Brazil: an open regime, a short list of restricted sectors and regional tax incentives	Lei nº 13.842 of 17 June 2019 (conversion of Medida Provisória nº 863 of 2018) repealed items I to III and §§ 1 to 4 of art. 181 and arts. 182, 184, 185 and 186 of the Code.
2026-10-25	Foreign investment in Brazil: an open regime, a short list of restricted sectors and regional tax incentives	Lei nº 14.753 of 12 December 2023 extended the deadline for filing and approving projects from 31 December 2023 to 31 December 2028.
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	New page: Brazil FX and repatriation core rules (free FX with no amount limits under Lei 14.286 arts. 2 and 3; tax proof for remittances under Lei 4.131 art. 9; 10 percent dividend withholding from 2026 under Lei 9.249 art. 10 § 4; IOF on FX under Decreto 6.306 art. 15-B as worded by Decreto 12.499, zero on dividends and capital return, 0.38 percent on inflows, 3.5 percent on loans up to 364 days and other outflows; SCE-Crédito and SCE-IED reporting under Resolução BCB 278; foreign currency accounts for foreign invested companies from 1 October 2026 under Resolução BCB 575), verified against official texts.
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	Lei nº 14.286 (effective one year after publication on 30 December 2021) rewrote Lei nº 4.131 art. 9 to keep only the tax payment condition and repealed the 1962 law's registration and remittance provisions.
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	Lei nº 15.270 of 26 November 2025, in effect from 1 January 2026 (art. 8), ended the exemption that dividends sent abroad had enjoyed since 1996 and created the 10 percent withholding.
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	Decreto nº 12.499 of 11 June 2025 added item XVII-A (zero IOF on return of foreign direct investment) and item XXV (0.38 percent on other inflows). Congress suspended the decree by Decreto Legislativo nº 176 of 2025; on 16 July 2025 a Supreme Court (STF) injunction in ADC 96, issued ad referendum of the full court, restored it from 11 June 2025 except the rules on supplier finance (risco sacado).
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	Decreto nº 12.466 of 22 May 2025 and then Decreto nº 12.499 of 11 June 2025 changed item XII from 6 percent on loans of up to 180 days to 3.5 percent on loans of up to 364 days.
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	Item XXIV (3.5 percent residual rate on outflows) was created by Decreto nº 12.466 of 22 May 2025 and kept by Decreto nº 12.499; item XXI-A (1.10 percent) was created by Decreto nº 12.499.
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	Resolução BCB nº 575 of 18 June 2026, in force from 1 October 2026, reworded arts. 7, 23, 28 and 29 to cover payments by any means (including the new foreign currency accounts) and not only FX remittances.
2026-10-25	FX and capital controls in Brazil: free convertibility, IOF costs and how to get dividends, loans and capital out	Resolução BCB nº 575 of 18 June 2026, in force from 1 October 2026, opened foreign currency accounts to exporters, foreign invested companies, external debtors and their foreign parents and lenders. Before, the list was limited to sectors such as tourism, insurers, energy projects and oil and gas.
2026-10-25	Choosing an entity in Brazil: Ltda, S.A. or branch of a foreign company	New page: choosing between Ltda., S.A. and branch (single member Ltda. under Civil Code art. 1.052 as amended by Lei 13.874; Ltda. quorums under Lei 14.451; S.A. two subscribers and 10 percent cash deposit under Lei 6.404 art. 80; one officer minimum and no officer residency under LC 182 and Lei 14.195; R$78,000,000 small company publication threshold; branch authorization under Civil Code art. 1.134 and Decreto 11.497; JUCESP 2026 fees and 22 hour average opening time), verified against official texts.
2026-10-25	Choosing an entity in Brazil: Ltda, S.A. or branch of a foreign company	Lei nº 13.874 of 20 September 2019 (Economic Freedom Law) allowed the single member Ltda. Lei nº 14.195 of 26 August 2021, art. 41, converted every existing EIRELI into a single member Ltda. without any change to its incorporation document.
2026-10-25	Choosing an entity in Brazil: Ltda, S.A. or branch of a foreign company	Lei nº 14.451 of 21 September 2022, in force 30 days after publication, cut the quorum to appoint non quotaholder managers from unanimity (capital not paid in) and two thirds (capital paid in) to the current levels, and replaced the former three quarters quorum for amending the articles, mergers and dissolution with more than half of the capital.
2026-10-25	Choosing an entity in Brazil: Ltda, S.A. or branch of a foreign company	Lei Complementar nº 182 of 1 June 2021 reduced the minimum executive board from two officers to one. Lei nº 14.195 of 26 August 2021 dropped the requirement that officers (diretores) reside in Brazil and extended the resident representative rule to any non resident manager.
2026-10-25	Choosing an entity in Brazil: Ltda, S.A. or branch of a foreign company	Lei nº 13.818 moved mandatory publications from the official gazette plus a newspaper to a single newspaper with full online text, effective 1 January 2022. Lei Complementar nº 182 replaced the small company test (fewer than 20 shareholders and equity up to R$10,000,000) with annual gross revenue up to R$78,000,000, in force 90 days after publication.
2026-10-25	Choosing an entity in Brazil: Ltda, S.A. or branch of a foreign company	Decreto nº 11.497 of 20 April 2023 revoked Decreto nº 9.787 of 2019 and delegated the authorization, amendment, nationalization and revocation acts to the Minister of Development, Industry, Trade and Services, with possible subdelegation to the Director of the national business registry department (DREI); activities involving controlled products need prior consent of the Army Command.